BUSINESS AND COMMERCE CODE

TITLE 1. UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

SUBCHAPTER A. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 1.101.

SHORT TITLES. (

a) This title may be cited as the Uniform Commercial Code.

(

b) This

chapter may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code--General Provisions.

Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 542,

Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.

Sec. 1.102. SCOPE OF CHAPTER. This

chapter applies to a transaction to the extent that it is governed by another

chapter of this title.

Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 542,

Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.

Sec. 1.103. CONSTRUCTION OF TITLE TO PROMOTE ITS PURPOSES AND POLICIES; APPLICABILITY OF SUPPLEMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW. (

a) This title must be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies, which are:

(1) to simplify, clarify and modernize the law governing commercial transactions;

(2) to permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, usage and agreement of the parties; and

(3) to make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.

(

b) Unless displaced by the particular provisions of this title, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, or other validating or invalidating cause shall supplement its provisions.

Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 542,

Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.

Sec. 1.104. CONSTRUCTION AGAINST IMPLIED REPEAL. This title being a general act intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be avoided.

Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 542,

Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.

Sec. 1.105. SEVERABILITY. If any provision or clause of this title or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of this title which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this title are severable.

Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 542,

Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.

Sec. 1.106. USE OF SINGULAR AND PLURAL; GENDER. In this title, unless the statutory context otherwise requires:

(1) words in the singular number include the plural, and those in the plural include the singular; and

(2) words of any gender also refer to any other gender.

Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 542,

Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.

Sec. 1.107.

SECTION CAPTIONS.

Section captions are parts of this title.

Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 542,

Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.

Sec. 1.108. RELATION TO ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES IN GLOBAL AND NATIONAL COMMERCE ACT. This title modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (15 U.S.C.

Section 7001 et seq.) but does not modify, limit, or supersede

Section 101(

c) of that Act (15 U.S.C.

Section 7001(c)) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in

Section 103(

b) of that Act (15 U.S.C.

Section 7003(b)).

Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 542,

Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.

Sec. 1.109. PREEMPTION. Unless expressly authorized by another statute, a municipality or county may not adopt, enforce, or maintain an ordinance, order, or rule regulating conduct in a field of regulation that is occupied by a provision of this code. An ordinance, order, or rule that violates this

section is void, unenforceable, and inconsistent with this code.

Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 899 (H.B. 2127 ),

Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2023.

SUBCHAPTER B. GENERAL

DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF

INTERPRETATION

Sec. 1.201. GENERAL

DEFINITIONS. (

a) Unless the context otherwise requires, words or phrases defined in this section, or in the additional

definitions contained in other chapters of this title that apply to particular chapters or parts thereof, have the meanings stated.

(

b) Subject to

definitions contained in other chapters of this title that apply to particular chapters or parts thereof:

(1) "Action," in the sense of a judicial proceeding, includes recoupment, counterclaim, set-off, suit in equity, and any other proceeding in which rights are determined.

(2) "Aggrieved party" means a party entitled to pursue a remedy.

(3) "Agreement," as distinguished from "contract," means the bargain of the parties in fact, as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances, including course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade as provided in

Section 1.303 .

(4) "Bank" means a person engaged in the business of banking and includes a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, and trust company.

(5) "Bearer" means a person in control of a negotiable electronic document of title or a person in possession of a negotiable instrument, a negotiable tangible document of title, or a certificated security that is payable to bearer or indorsed in blank.

(6) "Bill of lading" means a document of title evidencing the receipt of goods for shipment issued by a person engaged in the business of directly or indirectly transporting or forwarding goods. The term does not include a warehouse receipt.

(7) "Branch" includes a separately incorporated foreign branch of a bank.

(8) "Burden of establishing" a fact means the burden of persuading the trier of fact that the existence of the fact is more probable than its nonexistence.

(9) "Buyer in ordinary course of business" means a person that buys goods in good faith, without knowledge that the sale violates the rights of another person in the goods, and in the ordinary course from a person, other than a pawnbroker, in the business of selling goods of that kind. A person buys goods in the ordinary course if the sale to the person comports with the usual or customary practices in the kind of business in which the seller is engaged or with the seller's own usual or customary practices.

A person that sells oil, gas, or other minerals at the wellhead or minehead is a person in the business of selling goods of that kind. A buyer in ordinary course of business may buy for cash, by exchange of other property, or on secured or unsecured credit, and may acquire goods or documents of title under a preexisting contract for sale. Only a buyer that takes possession of the goods or has a right to recover the goods from the seller under

Chapter 2 may be a buyer in ordinary course of business. "Buyer in ordinary course of business" does not include a person that acquires goods in a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt.

(10) "Conspicuous," with reference to a term, means so written, displayed, or presented that a reasonable person against which it is to operate ought to have noticed it. Whether a term is "conspicuous" or not is a decision for the court. Conspicuous terms include the following:

(

A) a heading in capitals equal to or greater in size than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or color to the surrounding text of the same or lesser size; and

(

B) language in the body of a record or display in larger type than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or color to the surrounding text of the same size, or set off from surrounding text of the same size by symbols or other marks that call attention to the language.

(11) "Consumer" means an individual who enters into a transaction primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.

(12) "Contract," as distinguished from "agreement," means the total legal obligation that results from the parties' agreement as determined by this title as supplemented by any other applicable laws.

(13) "Creditor" includes a general creditor, a secured creditor, a lien creditor and any representative of creditors, including an assignee for the benefit of creditors, a trustee in bankr